Non-biodegradable fossil-based polymers are the conventional plastics that make up the vast majority of global plastic production. Understanding these materials provides essential context for appreciating the role and potential of bioplastics.
Major Conventional Polymers
| Polymer | Abbreviation | Key Properties | Main Applications |
|---|---|---|---|
| Polyethylene | PE (HDPE, LDPE, LLDPE) | Flexible, chemical resistant | Bags, bottles, pipes, films |
| Polypropylene | PP | Stiff, heat resistant | Containers, automotive, textiles |
| Polyvinyl Chloride | PVC | Durable, versatile | Construction, pipes, cables |
| Polyethylene Terephthalate | PET | Clear, strong barrier | Bottles, food packaging |
| Polystyrene | PS | Rigid or foamed | Insulation, food containers |
| Polyurethane | PU | Flexible or rigid foam | Insulation, cushioning, coatings |
Environmental Challenges
- Persistence in the environment — conventional plastics can take hundreds of years to degrade
- Microplastic pollution — fragmentation into tiny particles that contaminate ecosystems
- Fossil resource depletion — dependence on finite petroleum resources
- Greenhouse gas emissions — production and incineration contribute to climate change
- Recycling challenges — low global recycling rates (less than 10% of all plastics ever produced)